New Century Reading

The Letters of Sylvia Plath, Volume 2

I noted in my post about volume 1 of Sylvia Plath's letters that even at a very young age, she wrote letters geared on pleasing her mother, and lord almighty, that continues right down to the last week of Plath's life. Volume 2 is a different animal than volume 1; the first volume left off shortly after Plath had married Ted Hughes and while she was still a student at Cambridge. Volume 2 picks up from there and carries us through to a week before her suicide in February 1963. 

I think it helps to have some familiarity with Plath's life before reading these, otherwise it's far too easy to take her letters to her mother, Aurelia (which make up the bulk of the work) at face value. Plath spends an enormous amount of time painting a beautiful picture for Aurelia: The perfect marriage, the perfect husband, the perfect writer's life, the perfect children, the perfect father of those children. However, in letters to others, Plath lets a few cracks show through, even though she still maintains a sense of idealism about their marriage and relationship. 

Once Plath learns about Hughes' infidelity (which couldn't have happened at a worse time--her mother was actually on a six-week visit with them then), she goes 180 degrees. Then Hughes is the most evil person in the world. Now, I'm not condoning infidelity. But Plath makes a number of incendiary statements in some of these letters that have not been validated by anyone who knew Hughes, including allegations that he told her he wished she'd kill herself, or that she'd had a miscarriage after he'd beaten her. She did have a miscarriage, but in letters from that time, she notes that shortly after the miscarriage, she had her appendix removed and wondered if the two were related. Was she covering up abuse when she wrote that? Or were the later allegations a way of getting back at him for her misery? In much earlier letters, she seemed to romanticize physical violence and mentioned fights with Hughes that turned physical, and she claimed she gave as good as she got. 

She also claims in one letter that she once spent a winter in a lighthouse. Um--no. She never did. How much of what she writes, especially during the last months of her life when she was under considerable mental duress, can readers take a face value? I don't know. I do know that as these letters were being published, there were many who held them up as prime evidence of Hughes' abuse. But I can't bring myself to completely buy into that. I'm also not saying it never happened. What we have here are letters that are incendiary from a tremendously talented writer, and the reality is that we'll never know the truth. 

In the end, the final letters are harrowing and gutting. A week before her death, she wrote letters to several people on the same day, many of which continue to paint a picture of hard times, but with faith in her ability to carry on. One of those letters, however, tells a different story. It's a letter she wrote to the psychotherapist who worked with her after her earlier suicide attempt. In that letter--the final letter of the book--she says she doesn't know if she can survive this. Doesn't know if she has the ability to carry on. And, of course, we know that she didn't.

Plath's and Hughes' daughter, Frieda, wrote an introduction to the volume and talks about learning about the existence of these letters to the psychotherapist late in the process of preparing the letters for publication. She wasn't sure (understandably) that she wanted them included, but sat down to read through them before making a decision. The earlier letters to the therapist are all of the "Ted is perfect" variety, and Frieda gives us almost a letter-by-letter response, right up to the devastating final letter. It's a heartfelt piece of writing from a woman whose entire life has been framed by her mother's suicide and the vilification her father received because of it. She doesn't take sides, except to say that she never saw a violent side to her father. I can't imagine what it took for her to read those letters, then give permission for them to be published. But I think their inclusion makes this volume even more significant than it already was. 

A hard, heartbreaking book.

Into the Raging Sea

Yowsa. I love a good disaster story--and let me just add that I do NOT love that people die in these. I'm in no way grateful for that. But I am grateful to writers like Rachel Slade who dig into a disaster and analyze it quite carefully. Even if--slight spoiler alert--the things she learns aren't taken to heart by the people who most need to (corporations) (does that surprise anyone?).

In late September 2015, the container ship El Faro was set to do a routine run of cargo to Puerto Rico. Far away, a tropical storm was building, but most weather forecasters gave it little chance of amounting to anything. But by October 1, Hurricane Joaquin was an enormous, deadly storm, and seemingly inexplicably, El Faro's captain headed his ship straight towards the hurricane's eye. 

All 33 on board died.

What caused the captain to do this? And, in this day and age, shouldn't the ship have been hardier? Did no one from the shipping company try to intervene when they could see the storm coming, and the direction the ship was going?

Author Slade goes to great effort to answer these questions. I'm not going to give spoilers, but I will say that her work was aided by the fact that the NTSB, against great odds, tracked down what the ship's equivalent of a black box is. In spite of being 3 miles below the ocean's surface for weeks, they found it, brought it up, and spent a lot of time going through the 26 hours of recording (more than they expected). So the author had actual dialogue to work with--recorded, on-the-record dialogue, that does help fill in some of the story and lay rest to some speculation.

But she didn't stop there, because those 26 hours of recordings aren't even close to the whole story. She attended the NTSB hearings, interviewed many, many people (family members of the lost crew, past and present employees of the shipping company, NTSB and other marine officials and experts), and also provides a thorough history of the shipping world, its politics, its business practices, employment practices and unwritten codes of honor onboard, the changing climate and how that affects shipping, etc. Structurally, the first part of the book is told in alternating chapters, first a chapter about the crisis on the ship, the next some aspect of shipping history, then back to the ship. This is effective in that you learn a lot, but she keeps the tension going. Even knowing from the outset that all 33 crew members will die, it's still a gripping read. Highly recommended. 

 

 

The Letters of Sylvia Plath, Volume 1

For decades, those of us fascinated by Sylvia Plath had to make do with a slim volume of letters called Letters Home, edited by her mother, Aurelia Plath. To say that Aurelia had a vested interest in keeping lots of details out of the public eye would be an understatement. But finally, we now have a collection of letters that are published in full, in two volumes (with volume 1 at an astounding 1330 pages). Apparently there are still a few other letters out there that the editors are aware of, but are privately owned and the owners weren't willing to have them published. Regardless, there's plenty to savor in the letters that are available.

To some degree, these are probably best for the people who are really interested in Plath. The first few years are primarily letters she wrote to her mother from sleep-away camp and to pen pals. But even those provide a striking contrast; Plath often wrote letters to her mother that seem tailored, even at a very young age, to please, whereas the pen pal letters show a more independent train of thought.

Having 20/20 hindsight about Plath's lives makes many of these letters even more touching. The brave, happy face she put on letters to her mother while at Smith College, as she began an inexorable dive towards her first suicide attempt. Or, especially, when she meets Ted Hughes and marries him in a very short period of time. The love letters to Ted are beautiful and heartbreaking at the same time.

Volume 1 ends at her 24th birthday, as she's married to Ted but living apart due to fear that her scholarship to Cambridge would be taken away if authorities knew she was married (ah, 1956, what a year for women). But she's finding life without Ted intolerable and is planning to ask Cambridge and the Fulbright folks to let her keep her scholarship while a married woman. It's brave, and optimistic, and the world seems bright and amazing. 

And now I go to volume 2.

Literary Witches

Well, this is a charmer. Author Taisia Kitaiskaia and illustrator Katy Horan created what they call a celebration of magical women writers. Each writer gets a witchly description ("Enchantress of bitter love, treachery, and jewels"), followed by a brief tale that's essentially a magical bio, then a short real bio and suggestions of works to read. Each is accompanied by an illustration of the real woman, but rooted in something akin to fairy tales or, in some cases, an almost Frida Kahlo-esque interpretation.

The range of chosen writers is pleasingly wide and diverse. There are well-known writers, like Flannery O'Connor and Virginia Woolf; ancient writers like Sappho; many women who are not white Americans; new-to-me writers like Yumiko Kurahashi, a Japanese experimental writer described as producing works that include ghosts, flying heads, witch masks, incest, and bestiality. Why, yes, I'd like to check her out. International writers are well represented and introduced me to other names I wasn't familiar with, but do plan to check out.

That said, there are some factual inaccuracies in the areas that are supposed to be literal. A friend noticed that Mary Wollstonecraft is reported in this book to have died during childbirth, when she actually died several weeks later. I noticed that in Virginia Woolf's bio, she's listed as childfree and sexually liberated, both presented as her being a feminist and ahead of her time. However, I'm in the midst of reading her journals (so wonderful) and it's clear that while she's childfree, and it's by choice, it's not a choice she's altogether happy about; her doctors and husband both demanded that she not undergo motherhood because of her mental health issues. In her diaries, she notes several times how wistful visiting her nieces and nephews makes her and occasionally ponders what life would have been like with children. Would she have been able to produce her masterpieces? Who knows? But to simply present her as a feminist who was childfree by choice is losing the context that's a bit melancholy and not as celebratory.

However, these are nitpicks. Read the book with a grain of salt and more for the witchly parts and wonderful illustrations rather than hard-core facts. Then seek out the writers you're not familiar with and be thankful someone introduced you to them.

I Am, I Am, I Am

"On the path ahead, stepping out from behind a boulder, a man appears."

Pretty much every woman I know would read this opening sentence to Maggie O'Farrell's memoir, I Am, I Am, I Am, with a sickening jolt. It's the worst nightmare for all of us: We're out doing something benign, like taking a walk on a nice day, but we're alone, and suddenly...

This book is an examination of O'Farrell's brushes with death throughout her life, and not always her own. From the incredibly opening memory of being approached by an unknown, menacing man while out walking in the hills, to dealing with a string of miscarriages, to having fought off a deadly disease as a child herself, to having been a willful child who's mother probably was not sure would make it to adulthood, she looks at living, and dying, and what constitutes living. 

It's at times horrifyingly vivid. But that shows what a good writer can do with this kind of material.

It also made me reflect on some of my own weaknesses and short-sighted moments. While reading of a third near-loss while swimming, I found myself impatiently thinking, Didn't you learn anything the first two times??

But then I reminded myself of how, as I've gotten older, I've gotten increasingly terrified of heights. I know this about myself. I know that even a taller-than-normal down escalator gives me vertigo. So why, when my husband I recently went to Las Vegas, did I propose the idea of going to the observation deck of the replica Eiffel Tower? What made me think that would be the exception? 

It wasn't the exception, and I nearly had a full-blown panic attack 500+ feet in the air. We are all capable of denial and magical thinking. 

In any event, the message that O'Farrell urgently states throughout this book is: Don't be afraid of life. You don't know when it will end. Go on living, as best as you can. A worthy message at any time. 

Forty Autumns

Forty Autumns is a true story of a family first caught behind East German lines after WWII, then separated by the new country's boundaries. The author, Nina Willner, is the daughter of Hanna, who escaped East Germany after multiple tries, then--with one exception--didn't see them for 40 years.

Willner herself has an interesting backstory, in that she became a U.S. Army intelligence officer and ended up serving in Berlin during the Cold War. She was quite aware that she had family there, but it wasn't even remotely safe for her to try and find them. And when I say safe, I mean it wasn't safe for her, nor was it safe for the East German family members.

The story is told in short segments, some of which focus on the experiences of the family members left behind in East Germany, some on Hanna's life outside of East Germany, some on Nina's life as an intelligence officer, and some general history of the time, to give more context and scope on what was happening. It's a mostly successful approach, although towards the end I found myself wearying of the political explanations and just wanted to get to the part where East Germany dissolves and the family could finally meet again. There was also a long stretch involving Hanna's niece, Cordula, who became an East German athlete during the highly competitive sporting years, when sports were all that East Germany had to brag about. But Cordula's sporting adventures, while numerous, were overall not that interesting and could have been shortened.

But the other parts of the book were riveting. From the German women waiting for their husbands and sons to come home from WWII in defeat, to learning their small town has been put under Soviet control, to the ever-tightening noose around their necks as the East German government became totalitarian, makes for tense, can't-turn-pages-fast-enough reading. The misery of food shortages, the fears that neighbors were informants, that not looking interested enough at a military parade could end a career--Willner tells these stories straightforwardly and frighteningly. Highly recommended. 

A Small Porch

This is such a lovely book. Poet Wendell Berry apparently has taken up the habit over the decades of spending his Sabbaths outdoors, wandering his farm and nearby natural spots, and thinking and writing about them. This strikes me as something pretty much everyone could benefit by doing, religious or not. (Although, as I write these words, my area has just received a foot of snow and it's still snowing on Sunday, so I won't be going out exploring today.)

He's a smart man, and careful with his language. The poems are deceptively simple, but that often adds to their effectiveness:

"There is never an end to imagining
the lives of the birds. Or to wondering
at the superfluous beauty and unspeaking
flight of butterflies who light nearby:
the Eyed Brown, the Spicebush Swallowtail,
the Red Admiral, the Red-spotted Purple.
These so visible must stand for countless ones
and kinds easily overlooked or hard to see
or invisible. A world of words could not
describe this wordless world."

The first half of this slim volume contains a number of these spare, thoughtful poems. The second half is an essay called "The Presence of Nature in the Natural World: a Long Conversation," which is indeed long at 77 pages. But it does read like a conversation, albeit one-sided, with a thoughtful farmer (Berry is a farmer) who wants to discuss the views poets (Alain de Lille in the Plaint of Nature, Chaucer, Spencer, Milton, Pope, Pound) have viewed nature and how humans can and do operate within it. But he also wants to talk about the problems men wreak upon nature, especially farmers, and why it's important that the conversation around farming begin to focus on that, before it's too late. He notes with exasperation that many self-proclaimed environmentalists are loud in their support of wild areas, but silent on what's happening to vast swaths of farmland--and what happens to that farmland could (and already is) have a dangerous impact on what's still wild.

Together, the poems and the essay show a fine mind, a thoughtful, concerned farmer, a lover of poetry and language. Can't ask much more out of a book than that.

The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath

I've read this before, many years ago, but it was a pleasure to return to. It's a phenomenal journey through Plath's teenage and college years up until the time she was about to leave the U.S. for good, married to Ted Hughes and pregnant with their first child, and just on the verge of making her poetic breakthrough. We see everything from teenage naivete to early-20s obsession with self and lovers and first suicide attempt, especially Richard Sassoon (the entries involving him are perhaps the only ones I find almost unbearable to read), and finally her agonizing struggles over giving up her long-wanted academic career to pursue writing, a decision that both terrified her and put her in direct conflict with her mother.

Then it's the long section where she faces, for the first time, trying to be a writer as her primary vocation, and the world of struggles that go along with that. As a writer myself, this is the section I found mesmerizing. She's balancing her own needs and fears along with her role of a 1950s American woman and wife, as well as the expectations of her mother, and her own fears of failure as a writer. It's hard to believe that she didn't know about the success ahead of her, but of course, how could she?

While there are some post-1959 writings in the appendices, this volume does make the reader--this reader, anyway--really regret what's lost: the journals written after Plath and Hughes returned to Britain in late 1959. I saw someone on Goodreads commenting that this journal collection just shows how Plath was subjugated by Hughes and gave up her artistic autonomy to him as she wrote the most important works of her career. Um, no. Those poems were written in 1962-63. The poems she wrote during most of this journal are not largely considered to be her best work. In the latter half of 1959, the couple had a long stay at the writer's retreat Yaddo, and while there Plath did have a beginning of a breakthrough, composing things like Mushrooms and Poem for a Birthday that set the stage for her later work. 

Yes, in the journals she talks a great deal about the importance of Ted's work, and he seems to have been miles ahead of her at this stage, at least in terms of self-confidence and willingness to take risks. Yet she also notes the support he provided her during her myriad down times. So I don't think that Goodreads reviewer really grasped the timing and complexity of the situation.

And that makes me really wistful for a final volume of journals. Ted Hughes has said that he burned the last notebooks, and the ones previous to that "disappeared." Of course, that's led to all kinds of rumors. I can't help but hope that there's an unopened archive somewhere that still has them. Not because of the salacious details of the marital downfall between them, but to see Plath's journey as she increasingly came into her own as a writer and wrote the poems that she finally, correctly, said would make her name.

Alas, that is life in the literary artifact zone. Complete works are simply not always available, but this is a valuable piece to look at one writer's partial journey.

Ghosts of the Tsunami

Ghosts of the Tsunami is the kind of book that I want to urge everyone to read, and yet it's such a brutal, heartbreaking read that I find myself hesitating. I actually teared up three separate times while reading it--and I never cry while reading. Never. 

This is the story of the terrible tsunami that struck Japan in 2011. Specifically, it's about what happened at Okawa Elementary, where most of the children and teachers died, in spite of the school being next to a hill that was high enough that had they climbed it, they would have been safe. What happened at the school, how decisions were made, is pieced together throughout the book.

But it's about so much more than that. It's about Japanese society. It's about how people grieve. It's about how once you've faced a terrible tragedy like this, the people outside of the tragedy don't or can't understand, and you're left in a small community of people who know how you feel. One anecdote tells of a mother who lost one of her children shopping at a store one day and hearing two women from outside the community talking about the tsunami. The women both vehemently agree that if they'd lost a child, they would have killed themselves. They couldn't understand how the afflicted parents hadn't done that. Imagine being that mother, hearing that kind of judgment from people who have no idea what you've just gone through.

However, even within the community of survivors, there are fractures. Parents whose children's bodies were found quickly found themselves at odds with parents whose children's bodies were missing for much longer. A hierarchy of grief rose up: from those who lost all their children, and even spouses and parents, to those who lost some but not all of their families, there were levels of grieving and how the grieving were viewed. When a group of parents decided to confront the school and city government over the failure to protect the children, that drove a further wedge into the community. Unlike America, where people are increasingly confrontational and litigious, that just isn't done in Japan. Those who spoke out found themselves ostracized by those who didn't. And some who perhaps wanted to speak out feared for their jobs and livelihoods if they did. As author Richard Lloyd Parry so eloquently puts it:

"It is true that people can be 'brought together' by catastrophe, and it is human to look to this as a consolation. But the balance of disaster is never positive. New human bonds were made after the tsunami, old ones became stronger; there were countless remarkable displays of selflessness and self-sacrifice. These we remember and celebrate. We turn away from what is also commonplace: the destruction of friendship and trust; neighbors at odds; the enmity of friends and relatives. A tsunami does to human connectedness the same thing that it does to roads, bridges, and homes. And in Okawa, and everywhere in the tsunami zone, people fell to quarreling and reproaches, and felt the bitterness of injustice and envy and fell out of love."

Parry walks a fine line here and does an admirable job. He shows the all-too-human reactions, but he doesn't judge, and doesn't lead the reader to being judgmental either. These are humans in horrific pain, and how human react to that kind of pain is all over the place. That doesn't make them bad people.

There's also discussion, briefly, of Japanese politics of the time, of which I was ignorant and which bore a startling--and horrifying--resemblance to the American political climate today. 

Finally, Parry writes about Japanese beliefs, how as a country they don't consider themselves particularly religious, but they do have a strong belief system involving ghosts, ancestors, and the sacredness of the familial lineage. I don't want to give spoilers, but that section alone is worth the read. 

So. A very hard book to read, but so well-written, such an excellent piece of coverage of a tragedy and its aftermath--the aftermath that people stop paying attention to once the death toll is finalized. Parry has a couple of other books out, and I think I may need to read those too.

 

Who Reads Poetry

Who Reads Poetry is a collection of 50 essays originally published in Poetry magazine. It's a lively collection that disputes the old stereotype that only English professors read poetry, and that poetry is a dying art. It also demonstrates poetry's power, particularly in difficult times; one essay records the memories of a Warsaw ghetto survivor, who used poetry as a way to remove herself from the horrors around her; another, by a war correspondent, talks about reading MacBeth (yes, a play, but a play in verse) while covering the war in El Salvador.

But not all reflect dire circumstances, which is entirely appropriate. Musician and songwriter Neko Case, in an essay titled "My Flaming Hamster Wheel of Panic about Publicly Discussing Poetry in This Respected Forum," writes: "Poetry is such a delicate, pretty lady with a candy exoskeleton on the outside of her crepe-paper dress. I am an awkward, heavy-handed mule of a high school dropout. I guess I just need permission to be in the same room with poetry." See? Even someone as amazing as Neko Case can find poetry intimidating.

Daniel Handler--he of Lemony Snicket fame--contributed a hilarious essay about finding the right time--and right amount of time--to read poetry. Hip hop artist Rhymefest talks about his life as a poem, and the poetry of rap. Retired US Army three-star lieutenant general and former West Point superintendent William James Lennox Jr. talks about why poetry is taught to cadets at West Point (something another writer touches on later). 

So, if you, or someone you know, wonders who exactly reads poetry these days, the answer is: A lot of people. And for many different reasons.